Everything below concerns cjc-1295. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-02-20. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
Receptor level activity follows the canonical GHRH pathway. The peptide binds the GHRH receptor, a class B G protein coupled receptor on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Binding raises intracellular cyclic AMP, which promotes calcium entry and the release of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the molecule acts at the same receptor as the endogenous hormone, its effect is superimposed on the natural pulsatile rhythm rather than replacing it. Whether sustained receptor occupation leads to desensitization is not fully settled.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight, DAC form | About 3647 Da | Varies with salt form |
| Molecular weight, non-DAC form | About 3358 Da | MOD GRF(1-29) |
| Solubility class | Water soluble | Also dissolves in polar solvents |
| Reported half-life, DAC form | About five to eight days | Values from human studies |
| Common synonyms | CJC-1295; MOD GRF(1-29) | Name depends on variant |
CJC-1295 belongs to a family of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine amino acids of the natural human sequence, a fragment that retains full receptor binding capacity. Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is degraded quickly in circulation, so the fragment alone has limited practical value. Early work therefore focused on chemical modifications that preserve receptor binding while slowing enzymatic breakdown. The result is a molecule described in the literature as a long-acting analog of the natural hormone.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
Both forms act at the pituitary receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone and increase growth hormone output, which in turn raises insulin-like growth factor 1. A long-acting analog produces sustained rather than pulsatile stimulation, and the physiological consequences of that pattern are not fully settled. Published human data on the extended form remain limited, and much of what circulates in discussion traces to early company reports rather than independent replication. How sustained exposure affects normal feedback remains an open question.
The distinguishing feature of the DAC form is a maleimide-containing group that reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on human serum albumin. This reaction forms a covalent bond without enzymatic assistance, and it takes place after the peptide enters the bloodstream. Because albumin is abundant and long-lived, the attached peptide is carried through circulation far longer than an unmodified fragment would survive. The chemistry is a deliberate pharmacokinetic strategy rather than a change to receptor activity.
Enzymatic protection is a separate mechanism from plasma protein binding. The four substitutions in the backbone reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, which normally cleaves the natural hormone within minutes. Without the reactive group, this resistance still yields only a short window of activity, generally reported in the range of tens of minutes. With it, reported half-lives in early human work extended to several days. The size of that gap is the main practical distinction between the two materials.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
=== APOA-I: A Possible Novel Biomarker for Metabolic Side Effects in First Episode Schizophrenia === The authors of this study sought to determine the effect on metabolism of the drug risperidone in schizophrenia patients. After discovering that risperidone did have negative metabolic side effects, they tested membrane proteins for glucose and lipid transport in control and experimental groups by MALDI-TOF and fingerprinting. Results showed altered fingerprints and therefore altered levels of folding in the proteins. So, they concluded that risperidone negatively effects glucose and lipid transport proteins in the cell membranes of patients.
Israel is one of only a few nations that conscript women or deploy them in combat roles. In practice, women can avoid conscription through a religious exemption and over a third of Israeli women do so. As of 2010, 88% of all roles in the IDF are open to female candidates, and women were found in 69% of all IDF positions. According to the IDF, 535 female Israeli soldiers were killed in combat operations in the period 1962–2016, and dozens before then. The IDF says that fewer than 4 percent of women are in combat positions. Rather, they are concentrated in "combat-support" positions which command a lower compensation and status than combat positions.
Magnolia bark has traditionally been used in Eastern medicine as analgesic and to treat anxiety and mood disorders. In traditional Chinese medicine, magnolia bark is called Houpu and is most commonly taken from two species, Magnolia obovata and Magnolia officinalis. Some Chinese traditional formulas containing Houpu include Banxia Houpu Tang (半夏厚朴丸), Xiao Zhengai Tang, Ping Wei San (平胃散) and Shenmi Tang. Japanese Kampo formulas include Hange-koboku-to (半夏厚朴湯) and Sai-boku-to (柴朴湯).
The medication is taken orally as a prodrug, ixazomib citrate, which is a boronic ester; this ester rapidly hydrolyzes under physiological conditions to its biologically active form, ixazomib, a boronic acid. Absolute bioavailability is 58%, and highest blood plasma concentrations of ixazomib are reached after one hour. Plasma protein binding is 99%. The substance is metabolized by many CYP enzymes (percentages in vitro, at higher than clinical concentrations: CYP3A4 42.3%, CYP1A2 26.1%, CYP2B6 16.0%, CYP2C8 6.0%, CYP2D6 4.8%, CYP2C9 4.8%, CYP2C9 <1%) as well as non-CYP enzymes, which could explain the low interaction potential. Clearance is about 1.86 litres per hour with a wide variability of 44% between individuals, and plasma half-life is 9.5 days. 62% of ixazomib and its metabolites are excreted via the urine (of which less than 3.5% in unchanged form) and 22% via the faeces.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) – stimulates the thyroid gland increasing the size and number of cells. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex increasing the size and number of cells. Luteinizing hormone (LH)/ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - regulate reproductive function in both males and females. Gastrin - stimulates mucosal growth in the stomach after food consumption in vertebrates.
Sphinxes are a feature of the neoclassical interior decorations of Robert Adam and his followers, returning closer to the undressed style of the grottesche. They had an equal appeal to artists and designers of the Romanticism and subsequent Symbolism movements in the 19th century. Most of these sphinxes alluded to the Greek sphinx and the myth of Oedipus, rather than the Egyptian, although they may not have wings. The Decadent Movement, a European movement that was attributed to the notion of "decadence" around the 1890s, implores the main notion of finding beauty in the decline of civilization in the form of macabre or taboo subjects such as the sphinx. The motif of the sphinx can also be connected to the motif of the "femme fatale" figure in decadent texts in which a typically female-like figure or beast seduces and murders men. The "femme fatale" is used to establish a decline or decay ranging from perversion, death, prostitution, and other taboos of Victorian society. Oscar Wilde, a known Decadent writer, utilized this motif in his poem "The Sphinx". The poem itself establishes a connection between the Sphinx and the French due to underlying social decline such as the French Empire collapsing. Wilde describes the sphinx as a sort of half-cat and half-woman that is connected to many mythological events, typically that of Egypt and Greece, as well as how the mysterious creature is surrounded by lust and death. The writer James Thomson, similarly to Wilde, also utilizes the motif of the sphinx in his poem "The City of Dreadful Night".
=== Tocotrienols === The four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) are similar in structure to the four tocopherols, with the main difference being that the former have hydrophobic side chains with three carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas the tocopherols have saturated side chains. For alpha(α)-tocotrienol each of the three "R" sites has a methyl group (CH3) attached. For beta(β)-tocotrienol: R1 = methyl group, R2 = H, R3 = methyl group. For gamma(γ)-tocotrienol: R1 = H, R2 = methyl group, R3 = methyl group. For delta(δ)-tocotrienol: R1 = H, R2 = H, R3 = methyl group. Tocotrienols have only a single chiral center, which exists at the 2' chromanol ring carbon, at the point where the isoprenoid tail joins the ring. The other two corresponding centers in the phytyl tail of the corresponding tocopherols do not exist as chiral centers for tocotrienols due to unsaturation (C-C double bonds) at these sites. Tocotrienols extracted from plants are always dextrorotatory stereoisomers, signified as d-tocotrienols. In theory, levorotatory forms of tocotrienols (l-tocotrienols) could exist as well, which would have a 2S rather than 2R configuration at the molecules' single chiral center, but unlike synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol, the marketed tocotrienol dietary supplements are extracted from palm oil or rice bran oil. Tocotrienols are not essential nutrients; government organizations have not specified an estimated average requirement or recommended dietary allowance.
For services to the Meat Industry. Kenneth Adams-Morgan. For Political Service. Ronald Morgan, Deputy Governor and Head of Custody, Her Majesty's Prison Noranside. Richard William Morley, lately Catering Manager, Ring & Brymer (City). For services to the Catering Industry. Kathnne Amanda Morris, Clerk to the Corporation, East Birmingham College. For services to Education. Donald Fergusson Morrison, District Registrar, Strachur, Argyll. For services to the community. Mane Morrow. For services to disabled people. Walter Kenneth John Mummery, lately Principal Prison Officer, Her Majesty's Prison and Young Offenders' Institution Moorland. Joan F. Munro, Speech and Language Therapy Manager, Highland Communities NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. Robert Nathaniel Murray. For services to the community in Derby. The Reverend Canon James Robert Musgrave. For services to the community. Samuel Newgarth. For services to Music and for charitable services in Dorset. Jeanne Marjorie Nicholls, President, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Leagues of Hospital and Community Friends. For services to Health Care. David Edgar Thomas Nichols, Senior Scientific Officer, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, Ministry of Defence. Mary Nimmons. For services to Health Care. The Reverend Canon Richard Henry Norburn. For services to the community in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Doreen Norgrove. For services to the community in Farnham, Surrey. Sheila Norman, Chairman, Royal Life Saving Society, Suffolk Branch, and Commonwealth Development Liaison Officer, Royal Life Saving Society UK.
In any case, the levels of most steroid hormones, including testosterone and cortisol, are usually unchanged by spironolactone in humans, which may in part be related to compensatory upregulation of their synthesis. The weak steroidogenesis inhibition of spironolactone might contribute to its antiandrogenic efficacy to some degree and may explain its side effect of menstrual irregularities in women. However, its androgen synthesis inhibition is probably clinically insignificant. Spironolactone has been found in some studies to increase levels of estradiol, an estrogen, although many other studies have found no changes in estradiol levels. The mechanism of how spironolactone increases estradiol levels is unclear, but it may involve inhibition of the inactivation of estradiol into estrone and enhancement of the peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol. It is notable that spironolactone has been found in vitro to act as a weak inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, an enzyme that is involved in the conversion of estradiol into estrone. Increased levels of estradiol with spironolactone may be involved in its preservation of bone density and in its side effects such as breast tenderness, breast enlargement, and gynecomastia in women and men. In response to the antimineralocorticoid activity spironolactone, and in an attempt to maintain homeostasis, the body increases aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex. Some studies have found that levels of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone that is also produced in the adrenal cortex, are increased as well.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Robert Shonov, who worked in the US consulate in Vladivostok before being subcontracted to summarize Russian media reports for the embassy in Moscow was arrested, charged with cooperating "on a confidential basis with a foreign state, [or] international or foreign organisation", and detained at Lefortovo Prison. The State Department said the allegations were without merit. The FSB later said it had charged Shonov for “confidential collaboration” with a foreign state, allegedly collecting information on the Russian war effort in Ukraine, its military draft and protest activities in the run-up to the 2024 presidential elections. Hungary blocked the disbursement of an upcoming tranche of military support for Ukraine provided under the European Union's European Peace Facility (EPF), arguing that the fund was too focused on Ukraine and that the funds could be used elsewhere. Hungarian Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto previously said that the country would block the disbursement as well as any new sanctions package on Russia until Ukraine removed OTP Bank, Hungary's largest commercial bank, in the list of sponsors of the war in Ukraine due to the position of the bank's management to continue operations in Russia and its client republics in the Donbas, which itself was based on a decision by the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption of Ukraine. Hungary also demanded the removal of three people from a new sanctions list proposed by the European Commission as part of the 11th package of sanctions against Russia.
== Other functions == Blood specimen test tubes, vacutainers, and capillary tubes that use the lithium salt of heparin (lithium heparin) as an anticoagulant are usually marked with green stickers and green tops. Heparin has the advantage over EDTA of not affecting levels of most ions. However, the concentration of ionized calcium may be decreased if the concentration of heparin in the blood specimen is too high. Heparin can interfere with some immunoassays, however. As lithium heparin is usually used, a person's lithium levels cannot be obtained from these tubes; for this purpose, royal-blue-topped (and dark green-topped) vacutainers containing sodium heparin are used. Heparin-coated blood oxygenators are available for use in heart-lung machines. Among other things, these specialized oxygenators are thought to improve overall biocompatibility and host homeostasis by providing characteristics similar to those of native endothelium. The DNA binding sites on RNA polymerase can be occupied by heparin, preventing the polymerase from binding to promoter DNA. This property is exploited in a range of molecular biological assays. Common diagnostic procedures require PCR amplification of a patient's DNA, which is easily extracted from white blood cells treated with heparin. This poses a potential problem, since heparin may be extracted along with the DNA, and it has been found to interfere with the PCR reaction at levels as low as 0.002 U in a 50 μL reaction mixture. Heparin has been used as a chromatography resin, acting as both an affinity ligand and an ion exchanger.
== Safety == In vivo dermal sensitization studies according to OECD 429 confirmed EDC is a strong skin sensitizer, showing a response at <0.01 wt% in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) placing it in Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Dermal Sensitization Category 1A. Thermal hazard analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows EDC poses minimal explosion risks.
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In February 1601, Captain James Lancaster, while commanding the first English East India Company fleet en route to Sumatra, landed on the northern coast of Madagascar specifically to obtain lemons and oranges for his crew to stop scurvy. Captain Lancaster conducted an experiment using four ships under his command. One ship's crew received routine doses of lemon juice while the other three did not receive such treatment. As a result, members of the non-treated ships started to contract scurvy, with many dying as a result. It is possible that Lancaster learnt about the importance of fresh fruit from his previous voyages. Researchers have estimated that during the Age of Exploration (between 1500 and 1800), scurvy killed at least two million sailors. Jonathan Lamb wrote: "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230; ... all mainly to scurvy." A 1609 book by Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola recorded several different remedies for scurvy known at this time in the Moluccas, including a kind of wine mixed with cloves and ginger, and "certain herbs". The Dutch sailors in the area were said to cure the same disease by drinking lime juice. In 1614, John Woodall, Surgeon General of the East India Company, published The Surgion's Mate as a handbook for apprentice surgeons aboard the company's ships. He repeated the experience of mariners that the cure for scurvy was fresh food or, if not available, oranges, lemons, limes, and tamarinds.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone. The molecule is used in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion. It differs from the natural hormone through several stabilizing substitutions.
The DAC form carries a maleimide group that binds albumin and extends circulation time. The non-DAC form lacks this group and clears much faster. Both share the same receptor-binding core.
It targets the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells. Activation raises cyclic AMP and promotes growth hormone release. Normal feedback pathways remain part of the response.
The names are often used interchangeably in casual writing, but they are not strictly identical. Modified GRF(1-29) refers to the unconjugated analogue carrying only the four substitutions. The version sold as CJC-1295 with DAC includes the albumin binding linker and clears much more slowly.