This is a working overview of CJC-1295, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-28 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two forms circulate in research settings and are frequently confused. One carries the drug affinity complex and is often written as CJC-1295 with DAC; the other lacks that group and is usually called modified GRF(1-29). The two share the same core sequence but differ sharply in how long they persist in blood. Products labelled only as CJC-1295 normally refer to the version carrying the complex. Documentation that omits the distinction leaves the intended molecule ambiguous.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Target receptor | GHRH receptor (GHRHR) | Expressed on pituitary somatotrophs |
| Primary action | Stimulates growth hormone release | Amplifies pulse size |
| Half-life, albumin-binding form | Several days as reported | Slow release from albumin complex |
| Half-life, unmodified analog | About 30 minutes in animal estimates | Cleared by proteases and filtration |
| Common analytical approach | LC-MS/MS for peptide, immunoassay for hormones | Methods answer different questions |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Research material is normally supplied as a freeze-dried powder in sealed vials. In that state the peptide is comparatively robust, but prolonged exposure to warmth, moisture, or light accelerates degradation. Storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower, with desiccant and protection from light, is the commonly described practice. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the powder. Moisture uptake during handling is a recognized source of variability in later measurements.
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In ophthalmology, choroidal neovascularization is the formation of a microvasculature within the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. Neovascularization in the eye can cause a type of glaucoma (neovascularization glaucoma) if the new blood vessels' bulk blocks the constant outflow of aqueous humour from inside the eye.
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== Static and dynamic modes == In the field of surface analysis, it is usual to distinguish static SIMS and dynamic SIMS. Static SIMS is the process involved in surface atomic monolayer analysis, or surface molecular analysis, usually with a pulsed ion beam and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, while dynamic SIMS is the process involved in bulk analysis, closely related to the sputtering process, using a DC primary ion beam and a magnetic sector or quadrupole mass spectrometer. Dynamic secondary-ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) is a powerful tool for characterizing surfaces, including the elemental, molecular, and isotopic composition and can be used to study the structure of thin films, the composition of polymers, and the surface chemistry of catalysts. DSIMS was developed by John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka in the early 1980s. DSIMS is mainly used by the semiconductor industry.
== Clinical studies == A C-SALVAGE Phase 2 trial on safety and efficacy was reported in 2015. One randomized, open-label study was done on patients that had previous failure of a ribavirin/peginterferon treatment. SVR24 occurred in 96% of the patients with only 3 individuals relapsing. Additional phase II trials were examined under the names: C-SWIFT, C-WORTHY, and C-WORTHY Coinfection. The first trial studied shorter dosing periods of 4, 6, or 8 weeks. C-SWIFT showed that the longer the time of treatment, the better the SVR results among patients. The C-WORTHY study combined elbasvir with grazoprevir and additionally ribavirin in cases of cirrhosis. This demographic of patients is the most treatment refractory and the study showed that the ribavirin did not improve effects. The C-WORTHY Coinfection trial studied patients with HCV and HIV. Treatments of monoinfected patients and coinfected patients resulted in better SRV12 for the patients with coinfection and treated with ribrivin, too, at 97%. Phase III study results of the drug were released in 2016. Results from the C-EDGE IBLD trial show high rates of sustained virological response (SVR) after the completion of the prescribed treatment. This was examined 12-weeks after (SRV12). Safety profiles were consistent with previous studies. This study was a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled. 93% of the patients included in these studies showed SVR12 and had been cured of the virus. The C-EDGE CO-STAR trial showed high SVR after 24-weeks. This study reaffirmed results from studies of the previous year.
The parathyroid glands, of which there are 4–6, are found on the back of the thyroid glands, and secrete parathyroid hormone. This causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. The parathyroid hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels.
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Reported values cluster in the range of several days, reflecting slow release from the albumin complex. Estimates differ across species and assay platforms. The figure describes circulation time in study settings rather than a fixed property.
Typical endpoints include growth hormone pulse frequency and amplitude, together with insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration. Some protocols add body composition or metabolic markers. Interpretation depends on baseline hormonal status, which varies widely between individuals.
Most human data come from small, early-stage studies, and independent replication is limited. Short-term effects on growth hormone release are documented; longer-term outcomes are not well characterized. Open questions include changes in pituitary responsiveness after repeated exposure.
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.